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DC’s “Female Genital Mutilation Prohibition Act of 2021”

On February 28th, Councilmember Charles Allen, Chairperson of the Committee on the Judiciary and Public Safety, convened a public hearing to consider Washington DC District Bill 24-0516, the “Female Genital Mutilation Prohibition Act of 2021.” The stated purpose of the “Female Genital Mutilation Prohibition Act of 2021” is to prohibit the female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) of a person under care, to expand mandated reporting requirements to include FGM/C, and to provide for a civil action for FGM/C. As the hearing was conducting virtually, advocates working to end FGM/C across the country joined in to provide expert testimony on the topic. 

To learn more about the bill, visit here. To keep up to date with tracking of the bill, visit here.

How I took part in the Each One, Reach Bhaiyo Campaign: Turning neighbors, friends, and community members into Bhaiyos

By Hakim Bhai
 

In honor of International Women’s Day on March 8th, Sahiyo launched our campaign “Each One, Reach Bhaiyo.” During this campaign, Sahiyo encouraged community members to reach out to and educate at least one male-identifying person in their life about female genital cutting (FGC). Through this campaign we involved men in the important work of protecting women and girls. We know that just one conversation can spark a global change towards preventing the human rights violation that is FGC amongst future generations. Learn more here.

When I spoke with one of my neighbours, Kinjalbhai, that in some Muslim sects, women are 'circumcised,' he said he did not know what this 'circumcision' meant and have never heard about it! Similarly, when I informed my friend Sandeepbhai Salikia, he too became speechless! I tried to have a conversation with 15 men who are not from my community. Surprisingly, I found out that none of these men knew such a harmful practice continues to happen even in today's age.

I feel all my brothers from my community are silent in spite of knowing everything in their minds about female Khatna and pretend to be strangers to people of other religions! I am trying to reach out to more and more people and make them aware of this practice. 

મારા એક પડોશી કિંજલભાઈને જ્યારે મેં જણાવ્યું કે અમુક મુસ્લિમોના સંપ્રદાયો માં સ્ત્રીઓની 'ખતના' કરવામાં આવે છે. ત્યારે એ ભાઈને ખબર જ નહોતી કે આ 'ખતના' એટલે શું ! આવી જ રીતે મારા મિત્ર સંદીપભાઈ સાળકીયાને જાણ કરી ત્યારે તેઓ પણ અવાક બની ગયા ! મેં લગભગ 15 પુરુષોને આ બાબત જાણ કરીને વાત કરી. નવાઈની બાબત મને એ જણાઈ કે આમાંના એક પણ પુરુષને આવી કુપ્રથા અસ્તિત્વ ધરાવે છે આજના યુગમાં પણ એની કોઈ માહિતી જ નહોતી !

મારા બધા જ્ઞાતિ બંધુ દાઉદી વ્હોરા પુરુષો આ સ્ત્રીઓની ખતના બાબતે મનમાં બધું જાણવા સમજવા છતાંય ચૂપ છે અને અજાણ્યા હોવાનો ડોળ કરે છે ઈતર ધર્મના લોકો પાસે !મારી કોશિશ રહે સે કે હું વદારે ને વધારે લોકો સુધી પહોંચી શકું અને આ વિષય પર લોકોને જાગૃત કરું

Sahiyo India holds guest lecture for students in Mumbai

On March 5th, in the run up to International Women's Day, Sahiyo India was invited to hold a guest lecture on female fenital cutting (FGC) for first-year students of Mumbai's BMN Women's College of Home Science; this screening was held in association with Muse Foundation. Sahiyo co-founder Aarefa Johari conducted the online session, which had over 50 student attendees. 

The session began with the screening of two short films from Sahiyo and StoryCentre's Voices to End FGM/C series: Why by Fakhera, and A Chorus of Voices by Aarefa. The lecture then helped students understand what FGC is, why it is practiced, how it is harmful, and what can be done to end the practice. Aarefa also explored the concept of social norms and why they persist. Students were then invited to talk about the harmful social norms prevalent in their own cultures and homes, including menstrual taboos, which nearly every young woman in the class had experienced. 

This was the second time that Sahiyo India has given a guest lecture on FGC at the BMN College. 

डियर मासी: खतना के खिलाफ बोलने से क्या निजी ज़िन्दगी पे असर हो सकता है?

डियर मासी एक ऐसा कॉलम है, जिसमें सेक्स और रिश्तों के बारे में वह सब कुछ बताया गया है जो आप जानना तो चाहते हैं, लेकिन पूछने से डरते हैं! यह सहियो और वी  स्पीक आउट इन दो संगठनों ने मिलकर बनाया है। यह कॉलम उन लोगों के लिए है जिन्हें महिला जननांग काटने या खतना के बारे में सवाल है। यह कॉलम ख़तना कैसे हमारे शरीर, दिल, दिमाग, लैंगिकता और रिश्तों पर असर करता है इसके बारे में भी बात करता हैं। बोहरा समाज के सन्दर्भ में, माँ की बहन मासी हैं। आपके सवालों का हम स्वागत करते हैं। अपने सवाल बेझिझक यहाँ पर भेजिए। अपनी पेहचान गुप्त भी रख सक्ते हैं|

प्यारी मासी,

अगर आप महिला जननांग विकृति (एफ.जी.एम./सी.) पर बोलने वाली एक जानीमानी हस्ती है तब इतने गहरे व्यक्तिगत मुद्दे से जुड़ी हुई आपकी पहचान के साथ आप कैसे प्रबंधित करते हैं? यह खास कर ऑनलाइन डेटिंग की दुनिया में मुश्किल है। — गुमनाम

 

प्यारी गुमनाम, यह एक बहुत ही बढ़िया सवाल है। जो सरवाईवर्स अवामी दायरे में "बाहर" आए हैं उन्हें इन हालात से जूझना पड़ा है। अवामी दायरे में आकर खुलकर बात करना या नहीं करना यह हरेक का निजी फैसला होता है। सभी को उनके लिए जो फ़ैसला थीक लगे वही करना चाहीए|

हम एफ.जी.एम./सी. सरवाईवर्स के बारे में लोग बहुत सी बातें मान कर चलते हैं, है ना? यह इतना बदनाम मसला है कि लोग यह नहीं समझते कि हम एक जैसे नहीं हैं। हमारी याददाश्त अलग हैं। हमारे लक्षण अलग-अलग हैं। हमारे यौन कार्य अलग-अलग हैं। हमारे घरवालों और बिरादरियों के साथ हमारी अलग-अलग मजहबी मान्यताएं और संबंध हैं। दूसरे शब्दों में, आप किसी एफ.जी.एम./सी. सरवाईवर के बारे में कुछ भी मान कर नहीं चल सकते। और फिर भी लोग ऐसा करते हैं। ये धारणाएं शर्मिंदगी पैदा करती हैं और पूरी तरह से गलत हो सकती हैं।

असली सदमे के वक्त हम में से बहुत सी लड़कियों को बताया गया कि, "यह कुछ भी नहीं है; रोना मत," और "यह एक राज है; किसी को बताना मत।" इसलिए, एफ.जी.एम./सी. कैसे नुकसानदेह है, इस बारे में आवामी तौर पर बात करना गलत या शर्मनाक महसूस हो सकता है। तब हम बच्चे थे और हम शायद यह नहीं समझ सके कि हमारे जिस्म के साथ क्या हो रहा है। किसी सदमे से मुकाबला करने के लिए बच्चे भरोसेमंद बड़े-बूढों के बजाय खुद को कसूरवार ठहराते हैं। यह हमारा कसूर है, यह सोच शर्मिंदगी पैदा करती है।

तो यहीं कहना है कि एफ.जी.एम./सी. हमें बहुत शर्मसार कर सकता है। इस पर थोड़ी देर बाद बात करेंगे।

मैं 2015 से एक कार्यकर्ता हूँ, लेकिन मैं खुलकर सबके सामने आने को लेकर बहुत डरी हुई थी। अपने सरवाईवर अनुभवों पर खुलकर चर्चा कर सकने वाली अपनी कार्यकर्ता बहनों की तारीफ और हसरत करती थी। जबकि वे सबसे बेहतरीन रोल मॉडल और मददगार थे, मैं उनके मिसालों पर अमल नहीं कर सकी। जब भी मैंने ऐसी कोशिश की, तो मैं खुद से जुदा, थकी हुई और बीमार महसूस करती। मैं समझ गयी कि मेरा जिस्म मुझे एक बड़ा "नहीं" का इशारा दे रहा है। मैं तैयार नहीं थी।

समस्या यह थी कि मैं अपने बिरादरी में एफ.जी.एम./सी. के बारे में एक उपन्यास ख़त्म कर रही थी और मैं जानती थी कि मुझसे साहित्य-फेस्टिवल्स और मीडिया इंटरव्यू में उपन्यास के मुद्दों से मेरे व्यक्तिगत संबंध के बारे में पूछा जाएगा। मैंने डर तो महसूस किया, लेकिन उसके बावजूद, मुझे पता था कि मुझे अपनी परेशानियों से गुजरना है और तैयार होना है। लेकिन यह कोई आसान प्रक्रिया नहीं थी। मैंने वापस थेरेपी शुरू किया। मैंने मॉक इंटरव्यू किए जहाँ दोस्त-सहेलियों ने सबसे ज्यादा दखलअंदाजी करने वाले सवाल पूछे और मुझे अपनी हदें तय करनी थीं और जवाब कैसे देना है इस बात का फैसला करना था। सरवाईवर होने का मतलब क्या है इसके लिए मुझे अपने खुद के विश्वासों और रूढ़ियों को चुनौती देनी पड़ी। मैंने 'सेवेन थिंग्स नॉट टू आस्क ए ख़तना सर्वाइवर', खुद के लिए और अपने दोस्तों और पाठकों - दोनों के लिए लिखा। फिर भी मैं नर्वस थी।

और फिर मेरे किताबी सफ़र की शुरुआत में कुछ अनपेक्षित हुआ। मुझे डर नहीं लगा। मेरा जिस्म अवामी तौर पर खुलकर बोलने के लिए हाँ कहने लगा। मैंने अपने रास्ते में आने वाले सवालों को अवसरों के रूप में देखा, दखलंदाजी के रूप में नहीं। मैंने तीन महीने पहले इसके बारे में बात करना शुरू किया था, तब से मैंने बात करना छोड़ा नहीं हैं। और मैं ठीक हूँ। सबसे अच्छी बात यह है कि मैंने शर्मिंदगी से आज़ाद महसूस किया है।

मैं यह कहना चाहती हूँ कि लोग मेरे बारे में कल्पनाएँ करते रहेंगे। और शायद जिंदगी भर के लिए खतना/एफ.जी.एम./सी. को मेरी पहचान के साथ जोड़ेंगे। लेकिन मुझे इसके बारे में कोई शर्म नहीं है, इसलिए मुझे अब परवाह भी नहीं है।

मुझे लगता है कि हमारे किसी भी हाशिए की पहचान या अनुभव के साथ भी कुछ ऐसा ही होता है। जब हम किसी खास नस्ल वाले या औरत या मुस्लिम या मोटा या गरीब या विकलांग या भिन्न लैगिकता वाले या उम्र दराज या डिप्रेस या हमेशा बीमार रहने की अपनी आंतरिक शर्म को लेकर आगे आते है और उससे दो-चार होते हैं, तो हम खुद को आजाद कर देते हैं।

शर्मिंदगी से आजादी की ओर बढ़ने के रास्ते हम में से हरेक के लिए अलग-अलग नजर आएँगे। इस ओर आगे बढ़ने का पहला कदम होगा कि आप जो शर्मिंदगी महसूस करते हैं, उसे मान लेना। आप खुद से यहाँ निचे दिए गए कुछ सवाल पूछिए (और ऐसा करते समय, अपने जस्बातों और अपने जिस्म के प्रतिभाव पर ध्यान दें):

-एफ.जी.एम./सी. सरवाईवर्स के बारे में कौन से मिथक या धारणाएँ मौजूद हैं? उनकी लिस्ट बनाएँ। मैं, थोड़ा-सा भी क्यों न हो, कौनसे धारणाओं पर यकीन करती हूँ?

-क्या मेरे गुप्तांगों को काटना शर्मनाक है? क्या मेरे गुप्तांग शर्मनाक हैं? किन मायनों में?

-अगर कोई पड़ोसी या साथीदार या अजनबी जानते है कि मैं सरवाईवर हूँ तो मुझे कैसा महसूस होता है?

अब हम ऑनलाइन डेटिंग पर आते है। किसी संभवित डेट के बारे में मालूमात करने के लिए उन्हें गुगल सर्च करना और उनके सोशल मीडिया प्रोफाइल को स्कैन करना यह स्टैण्डर्ड तरीका है। हमसे मिलने से पहले हमारे बारे में जानने वाले लोगों से बचने का शायद कोई रास्ता नहीं है।

मारिया करीमजी ने 'सेक्स गेट्स रियल' पॉडकास्ट (29 जनवरी 2017) पर डेटिंग, सेक्स और एक सार्वजनिक कार्यकर्ता होने के अपने अनुभवों के बारे में बात की। लगभग 48 मिनट-मार्क पर, वह ऑनलाइन डेटिंग के ज़रिये मिले दो तरह के मर्दों का वर्णन करती है: पहला जो इसे "उसका बोझ" है ऐसा मानकर "पूरी तरह से अपना धीरज खो बैठते" है और दूसरा जो खुद को किसी ऐसे इन्सान के रूप में कल्पना करता है जो "अपने जादुई लिंग से उस चीज को ठीक कर सकता है।" ये दोनों तरह के मर्द नजरंदाज करने लायक हैं, अनामिका!

तीसरे किस्म के डेट वह हो सकते है जो यह समझते है कि मनोवैज्ञानिक और यौन सदमा आम है और उनके असर अलग-अलग हैं। वे हमारे बारे में कोई कयास नहीं लगाते हैं। इस तरह के इन्सान से आप अपने अनुभवों के बारे में दिलचस्प, पेचीदा और दिली बातचीत कर सकते हैं। आप इनसें एफ.जी.एम./सी. सरवाईवर और उसकी ख़िलाफ़त करनेवाली शख्स होने के बारे में भी बात कर सकती हैं। यह बातचीत कैसे करें, इस बारे में कुछ टिप्स के लिए सितंबर का कॉलम देखें।

मुझे उम्मीद है कि हम इसकी वकालत करना जारी रखेंगे तो हम एफ.जी.एम./सी. के बारे में बातचीत को सामान्य बनायेंगे और हमारे पड़ोसी, साथीदार और मुमकिना डेट्स सहित और भी लोग इस तरह की सोच रखने वाले शख्स बनेंगे। जब आप उनकी तलाश में जुटती हैं तो उम्मीद करती हूँ कि आप शर्म को बाजु में रखकर अपने लिए जो बेहतरीन है वह चुनेंगी। —मासी

 

मासी उर्फ फ़रज़ाना डॉक्टर के बारे में

फ़रज़ाना एक उपन्यास लेखिका हैं और मनोचिकित्सक की प्राइवेट प्रैक्टिस करती हैं। वह WeSpeakOut और End FGM/C कनाडा नेटवर्क की संस्थापक सदस्य हैं। वह रिश्तों और लैंगिकता के बारे में बात करना पसंद करती है! 

www.farzanadoctor.com पर उनके बारे में और मालूमात करें।

दाऊदी बोहरा समुदाय के बारे में औरतों के रिश्तों, लैंगिकता, बेवफाई और खतना पर चर्चा करने वाला उनका नया नावेल, सेवन ऑर्डर  करें।

अस्वीकरण: फ़रज़ाना अच्छी सलाह जरुर देती है, लेकिन यह कॉलम हर किसी के निजी सवालों पर बात नहीं करता है और इसे पेशेवर चिकित्सा या मनोवैज्ञानिक देखभाल के विकल्प के रूप में इस्तेमाल नहीं किया जाना चाहिए।

 

Read the English translation here.

Being a researcher: Finding balance

By Huda Syyed 

The biggest challenge of being a researcher is to be impartial during the data collection process. However, for the researcher, conducting any area of research will come with some personal sentiment or perception regarding that topic. Oftentimes the researcher has to sit and contemplate how they will approach the subject despite their personal bias or opinions. 

I felt a surge of overwhelming feelings and thoughts when I embarked on learning more about female genital cutting (FGC) in Pakistan. A few questions that ran through my mind were:

Is it ok for me to pursue this research as an outsider to the community who has not experienced FGC?

I wondered if it was an intrusive decision to choose FGC as my research topic because I am not part of the community that practices it. My uncertainity and discomfort felt heavy, but also important to address before I started the data collection process. Reading and learning about FGC from books, journals, and audio-visual sources seemed like the easy part. However, when I got closer to the data collection process which involved surveying and interviewing women who underwent FGC, I felt the need to reflect upon these questions, because I wanted to ensure I was not crossing any boundaries that could cause them harm. 

When I realized that there is a dearth of data on FGC in Pakistan, I determined that by collecting more data, I could help build a more thorough understanding of the practice and its contextual continuation. In turn, what I found could help explain the way that communities function and whether culture or religion play a role in practices like FGC. Once it was clear as to why I was pursuing this research, I felt some relief. 

How can I make my paritcipants feel safe and comfortable while they share their thoughts and experiences with me? 

With qualitative methodologies, and especially interview formats, the interviewer must be mindful of ethical guidelines. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently launched its first ethical guidance on how to conduct research on FGC, titled Ethical considerations in research on female genital mutilation, for this purpose. It is imperative that researchers stick to these guidelines to avoid any conflict or trauma for the participants. One of the main principles of the WHO’s ethical considerations is respect for persons, which states that consent and informed understanding of the research are important elements to the ethical conduct of research. It is necessary that the researcher informs the participant about the research and only continues data collection upon their willingness. Once the researcher has familiarized themselves with the ethical guidelines and questions, they must approach participants in a non-imposing and thoughtful manner. The researcher’s demeanour must reflect that the participant has absolute free will to interject or walk away from the interview;  the participant must know that they have the option to discontinue the interview without the fear of any consequences. Comfort, willingness, and the well-being of a participant should be of the utmost importance to the researcher. 

How can I deal with panic associated with the responsibility to have zero margin of error?

Every researcher aims to produce reliable and error-free research. It is great to pursue research with a spirit of wanting to do your best, however researchers should also practice compassion and kindness towards themselves. It is easy to get carried away with the aim for perfection, and I think it is better to replace that feeling with self-kindness and appreciation for whatever you may have achieved within a day. 

But how does one deal with the panic of these responsibilities? I think it is helpful to reach out to other researchers and discuss your concerns, fears, and anxieties. By speaking to other research students and mentors, I realized that it is quite normal to feel this fear and panic. However, managing it in a consistent and healthy way is key to producing good research and retaining one’s sanity. This is why I made it a point to spend more time with my dogs and family to relieve stress levels. I also pursued hobbies that helped take my mind off research for a while. These small changes in my lifestyle helped me approach my research in a responsible, mindful, and revived manner. Afterall, balance is everything. 

 

About Huda Syyed:

Huda Syyed is currently a Research Student at Charles Darwin University. Her research topic focuses on female genital cutting and explores an understanding of the practice and its lack of visibility in Pakistan. In the past, she acquired a Master’s degree in International Relations from Queen Mary University (London) and worked in the non-profit sector on UN Women projects that dealt with gender-based violence. She has been a research assistant and writer for a few projects and was also visiting faculty at Bahria University, where she taught ‘International Organizations’ at undergraduate level. She writes news and opinion pieces on topics related to gender and society for local and digital newspapers. 

Learn more about Huda’s research here

Upcoming NGO CSW 66 Parallel Event: Engaging Men to End Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting

The Global Platform for Action to End FGM/C is pleased to invite you to our NGO CSW Parallel Event on the topic of ‘Engaging Men to End Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting'.

 

Event Details:

Date: 14th March 2022

Time: 08:00 AM EST

Registration: https://bit.ly/EngagingMentoEndFGM

 

About the Event: 

Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) affects over 200,000,000 women and girls globally. The Global Platform for Action to End FGM/C developed a call to action to advocate for greater prioritization, resourcing, and action to end female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). Recognizing that FGM/C is a social and gendered norm, upheld through complex systems of patriarchy and tradition, the call to action includes acknowledging that we cannot bring about its end without engaging everyone, including boys and men. During this event, we will gather advocates and experts who have experience building male engagement programs to discuss ways of incorporating men in programming to end FGM/C. 

About the The Global Platform for Action to End FGM/C 

In June 2019 civil society organisations, champions, survivors and other grassroots representatives came together at the Women Deliver conference to develop a global Call to Action to end female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). The event was co-ordinated through a core group of globally representative organisations that managed logistics: Amref Health Africa, Coalition on Violence Against Women, End FGM Canada Network, End FGM European Network, Equality Now, Orchid Project, Sahiyo, The Girl Generation, The Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices, The US End FGM/C Network, There Is No Limit Foundation and Tostan. The Call to Action was the result of several months of global consultation via an online survey. 

 

Version française // FRENCH 

Événement à venir le 14 mars avec l’ONG CSW: Mobiliser les hommes pour mettre fin aux mutilations génitales féminines
La Plateforme Mondiale d’Action
pour mettre fin aux MGF/E est ravie d’annoncer que nous organiserons un événement avec l’ONG CSW sur le sujet de ‘Mobiliser les hommes pour mettre fin aux mutilations génitales féminines / excision (MGF/E)’.

 

Renseignements sur l’événement :

Date : 14 mars 2022

Heure : 8h, heure de l’Est 

Inscription : https://bit.ly/EngagingMentoEndFG

 

La pratique du MGF/E est une norme sociale profondément ancrée dans les sociétés et les communautés dans lesquelles elle se produit. Il s’agit d’une question sexospécifique, soutenue par des systèmes complexes de patriarcat et de tradition. 

La MGF/E touchant plus de 200 millions de femmes et de filles dans le monde, La Plateforme Mondiale d’Action pour mettre fin aux MGF/E plaide pour une plus grande hiérarchisation, ressources et action. Cette coalition d’organisations de la société civile, des champions, des survivants et d’autres organisations communautaires reconnaît que nous ne pouvons pas mettre fin à cette pratique sans impliquer tout le monde, y compris les garçons et les hommes.

L’événement portera donc sur l’importance de l’engagement des hommes. Au cours de cet événement, nous réunirons des défenseurs et des experts qui ont de l’expérience dans l’élaboration de programmes d’engagement des hommes afin de discuter des différentes façons d’intégrer et faire participer les hommes dans les programmes visant à mettre fin aux MGF/E.

Nous croyons que la conversation a le pouvoir de saisir l’expérience, de façonner l’opinion et de créer le changement. Nous vous invitons donc à nous rejoindre dans cette conversation.

An FGC researcher's reflection on the first-ever Research Agenda and Ethical Guidance on Research for the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation

By Hunter Kessous

In my sophomore year of college, I decided to conduct research analyzing the knowledge, attitudes, and training of community health workers who work to end FGC. In the early stages of my research project, I held interviews with many wonderful leaders of organizations working to end female genital cutting (FGC). I also asked for their assistance in sharing a survey with community health workers within and outside their organization. In one interview, a leader asked me very directly “Why should we do all this work?” It was a valid question; I was requesting their incredibly valuable time and resources. Why should they take time to participate in my research specifically when there is so much important work to be done? Last week, I attended a webinar that answered her question better than I ever could have.

The event was hosted by the UNFPA, UNICEF, WHO, and the Population Council, Kenya. These organizations collaborated to launch two exciting new documents: the first-ever Research Agenda To Accelerate the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation and Ethical Considersations in Research on Female Genital Mutilation. An opening statement by Nankali Maksud, UNICEF Senior Advisor, described perfectly why these documents are so needed. Every year, at least four million girls are at risk of undergoing FGC. The COVID-19 pandemic has added an additional two million cases to this figure, which otherwise would have been averted. In order to end FGC by 2030, progress needs to be 10 times faster. To achieve this goal, the work to end FGC must be based on high quality evidence, which requires 1) asking the right questions and 2) ethical guidance, both of which are addressed in these documents. 

To date, research on FGC prevention and elimination has been limited. The research agenda was created by performing a literature review and developing a list of questions to explore the gaps in our current knowledge. The list is very comprehensive, and the authors even ranked the questions by priority so researchers can clearly see what needs to be addressed most urgently. The document calls on researchers to ask important questions, the top priority being: “How can healthcare providers and the health system be effectively utilised in the prevention of FGM and the provision of services to women and girls affected by FGM?” The complete list of 78 research questions is broken down into thematic areas, including Enabling Legal and Policy Frameworks, FGC in Conflict and Crisis Settings, and more. 

The guidelines for ethical considerations when conducting research on FGC includes checklists for each step of the research process to ensure that the rights of participants are prioritized and respected at all times. The document also emphasized the importance of engaging with the community early to ensure that research will make a contribution to the health and well-being of the population. This part is essential. Research is not done simply for the sake of running numbers or getting published—research is only as useful as the extent to which it can guide policies and interventions. We must make sure research is relevant in order to end FGC. 

As an FGC researcher myself, I wish these comprehensive guides existed when I began my project, but this will not stop me from using them going forward. I am excited for the future of research under the guidance of these resources. It’s inspiring and hopeful to see multiple organizations come together to support the importance of evidence-based approaches to end FGC.

Consent and gender imbalance: their role in female genital cutting

By Urvashi Sharma

In an article written by bioethicist and philosopher Brian D. Earp, he comments on the argument presented by Richard Shweder that childhood female genital cutting (FGC) should be legalized in order to balance acceptance of childhood male genital cutting (circumcision) in many communities. In contrast to Shweder’s argument, Earp believes male and female circumcisions that are medically unnecessary, and performed without consent, should be “opposed equally on moral and legal grounds and discouraged by all appropriate means.” The solution to this imbalance? A gender-inclusive opposition to genital cutting. 

Firstly, on the subject of gender imbalance, I believe there will always be one. From the first time that I learned about FGC and what it meant, I always wondered if it was similar for males. I read page after page about how there is so much more sensory tissue in the clitoris; there are so many more health risks, so many more types, and so much more pain. I read about the religious reasons behind male circumcision and the oppressive reasons behind FGC. Yes, there are religious reasons behind the carrying out of FGC as well; it’s just that the oppressive reasons layered behind the doctrine of religion for why FGC is done hold more of my attention. The fact that it is a female-specific reason holds more of my attention. By female-specific I mean that it is an attribute of being female itself- feeling pleasure is sinful, sex is almost like a service to a man in which the female and her needs are secondary etc. 

I often wondered (and still do) about how-and why- these practices are lumped together like they are the same thing. Different anatomy, different reasons, and different agendas cannot be clumped together under a single umbrella, as though they are the one and the same. To me, this is not an apples to apples comparison. 

A phrase that Earp frequently uses in his article is “non-consensual.” That stuck with me because ever since I learned about FGC, I never thought about it like that. I associated FGC with words like “violation” and “autonomy” and “fundamental rights”, but I never outrightly asked that simple question of consent. I believe Earp makes an important point. He skillfully avoids interfering in cultural reasoning behind genital cutting to stick to the issue of consent and minors. 

I agree with Earp’s argument that the solution cannot be regression in the form of legalization of FGC. I believe that one of the major problems of the subject of circumcision is its nature itself. A practice with cultural influences, gender-based influences, race-related influences and socioeconomic influences (to name a few) cannot be tackled easily at all. 

Are either FGC or male circumcision consensual? Can this individual, most often a child, make decisions using their own judgment? And that’s an important place to start, really. Yes, I feel FGC is incomparable to male circumcision in the sense of bodily impact due to the simple fact of different anatomy; however, starting at the root- the root of consent- is vital. 

Both of these practices are non-consensual when they occur to children who are not old enough to give consent. Can you ask your eight-day old baby if he is okay with undergoing circumcision and carrying on your customs and values? Can you ask your five-year old daughter if she is okay with getting her clitoris cut as a cure for her masturbation? 

And is the question really about whether these practices are medically beneficial or not? Following this logic, the justification for carrying out this practice is the fact that it will have some medical benefits: let’s cut a part of your body because in the long run, you will be healthier. I don’t understand that argument. 

Unless it is absolutely necessary (medically) for this part of the body to be removed to be healthier, I see no reason why the question of consent should be ignored in this decision-making process that concerns bodily autonomy. I see no reason why FGC should be legalized for young girls just to bridge the so-called equality gap. 

Make it equal by allowing FGC and reversing the progress that has been made to try to end FGC, Richard Shweder is essentially saying. But we cannot go back, not in any way. Forward, until the end of this harmful practice entirely, is the only way to go. 

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