By Chandni Shiyal, PhD Student, Mumbai University

I first found out that female genital cutting is practiced among Dawoodi Bohras in India during my M.Phil research on FGM in Africa. I was shocked when my Bohra friends not only confirmed they had undergone the practice but also seemed absolutely fine with it. I began to talk to more and more Bohras about it – my friends, their relatives, even strangers I met on the train. Most of them seemed to support the practice; some told me they had been cut but did not know what exactly was done; others said they must maintain silence about it because of the pressures of society.

Here are some of the stories that emerged from a series of informal interviews I conducted with Bohra women in the past few years:

• She was circumcised at age seven. The practice, she says, started at the time of Mohammed Rasoolullah. It is done to curb sexual desire, so that the woman remains within her “limits”. She never discussed this subject with her sisters till they were all married. Even though times have changed, many new-generation Bohras continue the practice under family pressure, because their parents claim it is farziyat (obligatory) in the religion. But today she wants to fight the practice.

• She was cut at seven, when her mother took her to an “aunt’s” place. The pain lasted for three days. There are no “side-effects” to the practice, she says, but it is done to reduce sexual desire. Her daughter is now three years old, but her mother-in-law already keeps reminding her that the girl needs to be cut. She doesn’t support the practice now, but she knows she will have to give in to family pressure and eventually circumcise her daughter.

• She is 45. The practice, she says, involves spreading a girl’s legs and cutting. The pain is horrible. They apply some cream. The girl is told to avoid playing and jumping. She is given coconut water to recover and is told to avoid putting water on that part for a few days, and apply Dettol for hygiene. But it takes time to heal. It is done at a young age, she says, to avoid any questions or opposition. The practice is done with the consent of Maula, the community leader. People are told, “If you do not do this, you are not a Bohra”.

• She tells me the practice began at the time of the Prophet. Even though the Quran doesn’t mention it, one must follow the Nabi. It is a matter of faith. What the Africans do is quite harsh and backward, but what we do, she says, is a milder form that causes no harm. The practice, she says, involves removing the extra “haraam” flesh above the “urine part”, just like one would remove a cancer. Cutting reduces sexual pleasure, she says, and when the woman marries, she is able to give her husband pleasure. When a girl is circumcised, it beautifies her vagina – “Ek nikhaar aati hai”. She believes girls who are not cut possibly undergo menstrual and gynaecological problems. I mention that other Muslims in India do not practice female circumcision, to which she says, “We perceive the Quran differently; we are the Brahmins of Islam.”

• She was circumcised at the age of seven. She doesn’t remember what exactly happened, but knows it is done to reduce a woman’s sexual desire. She believes the cutting is for her betterment. She does not really feel the need to go against the practice and admits she would have her daughter circumcised, albeit unwillingly. But if she gets confirmation that the Quran makes no mention of female circumcision, she would try her best not to let her daughter be cut. It is possible, she says that women who are not circumcised probably feel more sexual pleasure than those who are cut.

• She was cut at seven and did the same for her daughter, but was a bit scared about it. It is difficult, after all, to prepare a young child for something like this. Recently, her friend from the Jain community married a Bohra boy, and she had to undergo circumcision. She was told that her nikah would not be valid if she was not cut.

• She was cut when she was three months old. She believes male circumcision is harsher than female circumcision, because boys need a surgical procedure, while a girl’s clitoris can be cut even with a fingernail. The main reason behind the practice, she says, is because men in the community often work outside the country for months, and khatna helps control sexual desire.

• She believes khatna is a part of the religion and is fine with it. She belongs to a modern family, she says, and was given the freedom to live a life of her choice. For instance, she freely interacts with her male friends. Then she says, “If my mother had even once told me about khatna or asked me if I wanted it done, I would have refused. What hurts me is that it was done without my consent.” Nonetheless, she says she would circumcise her daughter if she had one, because there is a scientific reason behind it. It maintains good sexual pleasure and prevents sexually-related diseases. Besides, at madrasa she learnt that if parents do not get khatna done for their daughters, it would count as a sin on their part.

• She recently had her daughter circumcised in Dubai. There, only Bohra doctors in hospitals perform circumcision on girls, and she was charged around Rs 1,300. There are no side-effects, she says, but it pains for two days. She believes she is a modern woman – she does not force her daughter to wear the rida and would never discriminate between a son and daughter. “But when it comes to religion,” she says, “I follow it strictly. I feel I am because of my community and if I don’t follow my religion, it is sin.”

• She was seven years old when it happened. She was taken to the doctor and had a small surgery that was over in less than an hour. She was happy because she got to eat ice creams and cakes and chocolates. As a child, she could not comprehend the repercussions. A part of her body was taken away from her without her consent, and this, she says, is the greatest regret she has. Even though she has no major physical or psychological trauma, she knows she would not have taken the same decision for herself. Female circumcision has no scientific basis and is one of the thousands of ways in which society puts men on a higher pedestal than women. She will never let her daughter be cut. Giving in to family pressure is the easy way out, but it is the duty of an educated generation to stand for what is right and not perpetuate such customs. This, she says, is the time to be the change.

Sahiyo’s comment: Please note that Female Genital Cutting or Female circumcision (khatna) is not mentioned anywhere in the Quran. The practice did not originate at the time of Prophet Mohammed, but in fact pre-dates both Islam and Christianity. In Islam, female khatna is NOT farziyat or obligatory – it is mentioned in some Hadiths as sunnat, or recommended. Khatna also has NOTHING to do with the vagina or its beautification – the practice involves removal of the clitoral hood and/or clitoris, which is located well above the vagina. Finally, depending on the extent of the cut and the manner in which it was done, many Bohra women do report experiencing side-effects including: pain and urinary difficulties in the days after the cutting, pain during intercourse, and lasting psychological trauma.

By Mariya Ali

I was born and raised in London, England and have been a lifelong member of the London Jamaat. Although FGM has been illegal in the United Kingdom since 1985, myself and many other girls have been subjected to this barbaric ritual, despite it being outlawed.

After the Australian court case and subsequent convictions for circumcising two minor girls, the Sydney Jamaat issued a notice urging followers not to circumcise their daughters in Australia or abroad. On February 15^th, the London Jamaat followed suit and issued a similar notice.

The letter, similar in wording to the one that was issued by the Sydney Jamaat, points out that Islam mandates that its followers be loyal, contributing citizens who abide by the law of the land in which they reside.

Despite the UK law explicitly stating that it is illegal to take a UK citizen outside of the UK for the purpose of circumcision, I know of many minors who were circumcised while abroad. It is important to note that this has also been addressed by the letter issued by the London Jamaat. It states that “You must not take your children outside UK for purpose of khafd as that is equally prohibited by law”.

The London Jamaat is the first Jamaat after Sydney to publicly discourage followers from performing this procedure on girls. Although this is a huge step in the right direction, the notice that was issued does not condemn the practice itself, but rather it discourages followers from breaking the law.

As a woman who has undergone this barbaric ritual, and on behalf of all of the other women who have suffered, do suffer and continue to suffer, I hope that this is the first of many Jamaats to follow suit and finally stamp out this practice. I thank the decision makers of the London Jamaat for taking this step and I sincerely hope that my generation is the last generation to lose a pinch of our skin.

There have been a few media reports showcasing that ‘80% of Bohra women who took a survey on khatna were circumcised’. This statistic does come from Sahiyo’s online survey. However, we request that media representatives please first get in touch with Sahiyo before quoting or mentioning this statistic in any article, TV or radio interview.

The statistic is a preliminary result and Sahiyo is concerned that this figure is being shared out of context from the rest of the online survey. A final report of the survey will be available in May 2016. For more information, please contact This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..

In 2012, Sahiyo Cofounder, Priya Goswami released the documentary, “A Pinch of Skin”, which has become a national award-winning documentary on female genital mutilation, in India.

(Article originally posted in Scroll.in on Feb 11, 2016) 

By Aarefa Johari

Three months after a group of Dawoodi Bohras was held guilty for female genital mutilation in a landmark verdict by an Australian court, community authorities have issued a notice to all Bohras in Australia asking them to obey the law of the land and stop the practice of khatna or female circumcision.

The notice has drawn cheers from Bohra activists campaigning to bring an end to the ancient ritual of female genital mutilation that is meant to moderate a woman’s sexual urges.

In November 2015, the Supreme Court of New South Wales found a Bohra mother, a retired nurse and a senior clergy member called Shabbir Vaziri guilty of carrying out genital cutting on two minor sisters between 2010 and 2012, when the girls were six and seven years old respectively.

The three people could face a maximum penalty of seven years in prison. Hearings to determine the quantum of punishment began on February 5 and are expected to go on for a while.

The Bohra ritual of khatna involves snipping off the tip of a young girl’s clitoris, which is defined by the World Health Organisation as Type I FGM. Even though female genital mutilation has been illegal in Australia since 1997, the Bohra case is the first to actually make it to the nation’s courtrooms.

It is also the first instance of anyone being arrested for khatna in the Dawoodi Bohra Muslim community, whose members predominantly hail from Gujarat in India. The Bohras are the only community known to practice female genital cutting in India, and so far, many have continued to cut their girls even when they migrate to other countries where female genital mutilation is illegal.

The notice issued to Australian community members on February 9, however, could significantly alter this trend.

Obey the law of the land

The notice, emailed to all Australian Bohras in the form a resolution letter, came a day after the Anjuman-e-Burhani (Sydney) – a trust managing Bohra affairs in Australia – held a meeting to discuss khatna.

The letter begins by quoting a hadith (text comprising the teachings of Prophet Mohammed) which states that “love for the land of abode is part of faith”, making it part of Islamic tradition to “remain loyal to the country of abode and to be law abiding and contributory citizens”.

The letter goes on to state:

If the community follows the instructions of this notice, it would mean that Bohra girls in Australia will henceforth escape a painful ritual that has been practiced in the community for centuries. It could also mean that Bohra authorities might issue similar notices in other countries where female genital mutilation is illegal, including the US, UK and Canada.

No law in India yet

The notice has come at a time when a judge presiding over the female genital mutilation case pointed out, during a sentencing hearing on February 5, that the convicted mother and retired nurse have not expressed any remorse about performing genital cutting on the girls. They have not, he said, made any statement indicating that they now reject the practice or would be willing to speak out against it in their community.

The notice could also be seen as a reaction to the growing negative media attention to the practice of khatna among Bohras in the past year, as more and more women from the community have come forward to demand an end to the erstwhile secret ritual. In December, 17 Bohra women from around the world (disclosure: this reporter is among them) launched an online petition asking the Indian government to act against female genital cutting, which is not yet illegal in India. The petition has garnered more than 44,000 signatures so far.

‘A small victory’

Community members, particularly those in Australia, have welcomed the notice and are now eager to see the rest of the Bohra population around the world follow suit.

Zarine Hashim, a hospital administrator from Melbourne, reacted to the notice with a mix of emotions. “I felt happiness and elation as it was a small victory in the whole scheme of things, but also anger that it has taken a court case to make this happen,” said Hashim. “I really feel that the community, worldwide, needs to take this as an example and reassess the legal, physical and mental health consequences of the practice before performing it.”

To read the original article, click here. 

(Trigger Warning: The story here is another woman’s experience of FGC. We thank her for being brave enough to share it with us.)

By Insiya Lokhandwala

Age: 33

Country: Mumbai, India

I remember going to Pune for vacation when I was seven. Once there, my eldest masi (aunt) took me to a building where there was an old woman who asked me to lay down and open my legs. I remember being scared. Then I saw a razor in her hand and I screamed at her to let me go. My aunt and mom pinned me down on the ground and said, “It will be over in a minute”. I remember the unbearable pain and then the old woman bandaged me down there and told me that I would be OK in a day or two. On our way home my aunt bought me a balloon and ice cream. She told me not to mention what had to me to my brothers who were around my age. Honestly, I have hated balloons since then and I don’t think I can forgive what they did to me.

No religion in the world can ask mothers to put their little girls through this pain. I wonder how so many mothers can do this to their own girl children. No matter the consequences of what might happen to me for telling my story, this practice must be stopped. The practice was a way of controlling women in ancient times. I think our community has advanced enough to know what’s right and what’s wrong. Khatna is wrong. What happened to me can’t be undone, but we can stop this from happening to future girls. Let our children be children without trauma. Don’t tarnish their childhood memories by having girls undergo unforgiving situations. They say jannat lies at the foot of a mother, but if this practice continues, no child will be able to trust in this saying.

Voices against the practice of female genital cutting in the Bohra community seem to be getting louder and more numerous. The latest to speak out is an anonymous Bohra woman from the United Kingdom who was subjected to khatna as a child and remembers it as a traumatic incident. She has now launched a petition under the pseudonym “Luv Shabbir”, asking Nicky Morgan, a Member of Parliament in the UK, to do more to stop Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in the Bohra community.

This is the third online petition started by women from within the community to demand a ban on khatna for girls. The first was by the anonymous ‘Tasleem’ in 2011; the second, ongoing petition by 17 women from ‘Speak Out on FGM’ has already gained almost 30,000 supporters. Both these petitions emerged from India, where there is no law against female genital cutting and where Bohras are the only known group following the practice.

In the United Kingdom, where several expat communities from Africa, the Middle-East and Asia follow various forms of FGC, the practice has been illegal since 1985. In recent years, the British government ahs been making concerted efforts to crack down on the practice. In this context, this latest petition by “Luv Shabbir” is indicative of two things: One, there is a growing desire among Bohra women to break the silence around khatna and speak out against it. Two, even in countries where there are laws against FGC, we have a long way to go before the practice meets its end.

To support the UK petition, sign here.